There are tons of childcare options out there, but not all of them are great choices. It can be challenging to weed out the good from the bad, but the extra steps you take now can ensure that your child is safe and well-cared for as you begin focusing on your business development. In many cases, your best bet is to choose a nanny over a daycare. But the challenge then becomes finding the right person for the job.
As you start to search for a provider who can meet your needs, determine your childcare priorities: Do you have certain days and times of the week you will consistently need childcare, or do you need a more flexible arrangement? Some providers expect a certain number of hours paid per week, whether you use their service or not, for financial consistency.
Be sure to research your options thoroughly. Ask about services offered, read reviews, and make sure applicants are state-licensed and have had background checks. Ideally, you should interview several different candidates to find the right match.
Having a team in your corner is always important, whether it’s regarding motherhood or business. When you know people have your back, it makes it a little easier to push through whatever problems you’re facing at the time. This is why people tend to build a “tribe” of supportive, like-minded people they know they can trust and rely upon.
One excellent way to boost your tribe, as well as connect with people you may have lost touch with over the years, is to look up former classmates online. Sites like Classfinders make this extremely easy to do, allowing you to look up high schools in the greater San Pedro area. Who? Your former best friend could very well become your new best friend!
Life as a parent while working on a business startup is going to be hectic. Consider some practical ways to simplify your routine, especially as you get your business up and running. Simple, quick meals are important for parents starting a business. It would be easy to swing by the drive-thru, but that would leave you with indigestion and guilt. Instead, consider methods such as pre-prepping ingredients to save time later in the week. Your kids can help by washing veggies and putting them into containers for the fridge after you chop them up.
If you want to take the guesswork and planning out of mealtimes, consider a meal delivery service. Many companies offer this service now and prices have become much more affordable with all the competition. To save money, slow cooker meals are a simple solution that can help you avoid having to cook when you get home. Simplicity is the best bet for parents who are business entrepreneurs, and this includes everything from meals to business formation.
If you are all about keeping things simple and neat, it may be worthwhile to structure your business as a Limited Liability Company (LLC). Forming as an LLC can protect your personal and family assets, while offering tax benefits and reduced paperwork hassles. Some business owners opt to file for LLC registration through a formation service to quickly register their entity online. Watch for your state’s regulations, however, since each state operates under individual mandates.
The excitement of starting a business may cause you to spend long hours planning and strategizing for your future. Try to set and keep a daily schedule so that you do not end up working into the wee hours and missing precious time with your family. With a plan for childcare, simplifying daily meal prep, and arranging a business format that works, your business will be up and running in no time.
Article by: Sam Marcum
Image credit: Pixabay.com
Image link: https://pixabay.com/photos/family-bridge-sunset-tricycle-1454783/
]]>New Native | Baby Carrier
Weight Limit: 8lbs Up To 35lbs
The New Native baby carriers are the perfect solution for on-the-go caregivers who absolutely cannot stand ring slings or traditional baby wraps. That’s because New Native baby carriers are non-adjustable and fitted to the wearer—which means you never have to struggle with all those complicating tying instructions. They make a convenient breastfeeding cover, and dads love them because they’re simple and perfect for minimalists—which most men tend to be.
Features
Made from hypoallergenic organic cotton
Non-adjustable and hassle-free design is free of buckles, straps, and rings
Doubles as a nursing cover
Allows for multiple carrying positions
Available in sizes: XS (95 lbs) to XL (225lbs)
]]>If you want to do your part for expecting loved ones, but you’re not sure what that is, this guide presented by New Native is for you. Here’s a look at some effective ways you can support soon-to-be-parents right now:
Gift Ideas
Sending along supplies is always a worthwhile move:
Socially-Distanced Help
If you’re unable to receive a vaccine, here are some socially distanced ways to lend a hand:
Vaccines and Visiting
If you’re fully vaccinated, you may be able to visit - but let your loved one take the lead:
As more and more people are able to get vaccinated, we will get closer to herd immunity and a return to normal socialization. In the meantime, focus on finding safe, effective ways to support your pregnant loved ones as they move through this stage and into the next.
Photo Credit: Pexels
Written by Kelli Brewer of DeployCare.org for New Native Inc.
]]>Here's a helpful article from one of our contributors Kelli Brewer, of DeployCare.org.
Are you a mom who is a military veteran and a future business owner? If so, your life is about to get even busier than it already is. While the process of becoming an entrepreneur is well worth the effort, there is a lot involved with business ownership. One of the best ways to overcome some of the biggest hurdles you’ll face is to outsource duties to other professionals.
As a veteran-owned business, it is a great idea to bring other veterans on to your team when outsourcing. Learn more about the five professionals you should find as soon as possible.
Business coaching/leadership coaching
When you begin assembling your team of veterans, one of the first experts you should seek out is a business coach/leadership coach. Many former military members go on to offer these services since they have ample training in being able to lead small and large groups of individuals.
How does this type of service benefit you? Although you’ve also gained plenty of leadership skills, those who’ve trained as a business coach can provide you with expert advice on running a new company. They can also provide recommendations for scaling your business, establishing your goals, and setting a long-term vision. Having someone to keep you accountable and to teach you about the ins and outs of the business world can be a valuable member of your extended team.
Accounting
Accounting (and related tasks) can be one of the most anxiety-inducing parts of being an entrepreneur. Figuring out retail tax, income tax, pricing, bookkeeping, and the like can be stressful duties for those who have little to no experience in finance.
Hiring an accounting professional is one of the wisest moves you can make. They can introduce you to an organized approach to managing your finances, including the use of a reliable payroll system. Understanding how to process payroll is not an overnight task, which is why it is so valuable to get training from an expert. If you cannot afford a full-time accountant, they can train you on software that automates payroll, tracks taxes, and saves you hours of time. Accountants can also help you understand federal and local labor laws, as well as overtime laws.
IT
Another tricky area for many new business owners is IT tasks. From security updates to fixing website errors, veterans who now work as IT professionals can navigate you through challenging technology issues. They can also assist with antivirus and firewall updates, installation of new software, and fixing broken systems.
Depending on your budget, you can hire a freelancer or an IT agency. Both can provide around-the-clock support and can offer packages that suit your needs. They can also help you with emergency issues that arise, which allows you to quickly get back to business.
Marketing
Gone are the days when marketing almost exclusively involved physical/television ads and word-of-mouth recommendations. Now, search engine optimization (SEO), social media marketing, and other forms of advertising are major factors in the success of a new business.
Hiring a veteran who offers freelance marketing services, or who owns a marketing agency, is the quickest way to see results from your marketing budget. These professionals can help you optimize every dollar, and get you the highest number of customers and leads.
Daycare
Finally, as a parent and entrepreneur, you are going to need time to work exclusively on your business. Rather than trying to handle everything on your own, getting the help of a veteran-owned daycare is a much-needed way to focus on your business.
The most important thing to remember as a new business owner is that no one can do everything at all times. Asking for help is one of the most strategic things you can do to help your business (and family life) succeed.
This article was provided by Kelli Brewer of DeployCare.org.
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These are not your average swaddles, these are exceptional!
Young babies are very sensitive to harmful dyes and chemicals, so give them the very best. These swaddles are also so pretty that mom might steal them for a scarf!
This hemp/cotton blend creates an exceptionally soft, lightweight, strong, and breathable fabric. Beautiful yarn dyed stripes highlight the craftsmanship and beauty of the fabric.
Hemp has been grown and used in textiles since 8000 BC for good reason. Hemp requires no herbicides or pesticides, half the land, and half the water as cotton. Hemp is the world’s strongest natural vegan fiber and gets softer with use without compromised integrity.
Choosing Organic is paramount to help stave off climate change and pollution. By choosing organic, you are saying NO to the millions of pounds of pesticides sprayed on conventional cotton every year.
Wrapped in a high quality recyclable kraft magnet-close box, neatly nestled in tissue, and finished with a lovely bow and optional personalized note.
This is an ideal gift for parents to-be who prioritize raising a healthy baby, care deeply about the environment, and value exceptional craftsmanship.
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When decorating nurseries we must consider safety, and that also includes the plants. Here are a few plants which are pet and baby safe.
(2) Bird's Nest fern HERE.
(3) Prayer Plant HERE.
(4) Patchwork organic dog HERE.
(5) Wicker bassinet HERE.
(6) Ponytail Palm HERE.
And sadly although we love Fiddle Leaf Fig trees, they are NOT pet and baby safe. If you love them like we do, maybe a faux version is right for your home HERE.
All cozy places are better with stuffed animals. Here are some adorable and organic fluffy friends.
(7) Parlor Palm HERE.
(8) Organic bear knitted stuffed animal HERE.
(9) Wicker daybed HERE.
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https://www.azaleacottage.com/reviews/new-native-organic-cotton-baby-carrier-review
New Native Organic Cotton Baby Carrier Review
I was compensated and sent this product in exchange for an honest review. All opinions are my own. This post contains affiliate links. If you purchase something through my link I may receive a small commission (at no cost to you). This keeps Azalea Cottage the leading resource for a healthier home and life. Thank you!
NEW NATIVE BABY CARRIER
The New Native Baby Carrier is made from organic cotton. It is not thin like a blanket but more substantial. I liken it to canvas.
I love this carrier because it does not have buckles, straps or rings. The carrier allows for the wearer to be hands free which ultimately provides ease of mobility for the wearer and the baby.
Due to the fact that this carrier is not adjustable and sized to the wearer, most parents need to be fitted for his/her own carrier. The carrier size corresponds to the wearer’s pre-pregnancy fitted T-shirt size.
They provide a chart to help you determine the size that you should order and wear. The size is determined by size and weight and that is why the carrier is specifically made for the individual wearing it. It is not interchangeable between adults unless each individual falls into the same size category.
How To Choose Your Size
New Native is very comprehensive when it comes to how to size, how to wear and how to place the baby inside the carrier. Make sure you read the instructions in full before putting the carrier on and positioning the baby inside the carrier. They also recommend that until you become experienced with it, put it on and place the baby while sitting down to ensure everything is secure and the baby is correctly placed.
I love this carrier for many reasons:
It allows you to be hands free.
It allows you to bond with the baby, which is so important. The human touch is everything especially to a baby.
It ensures support of babies up to 35 pounds
It is easy care - which I love. Just throw it in the machine.
It folds up when you are not using it so it can be put into a handbag or diaper bag.
It allows for multiple carrying positions.
It allows you to be mobile.
It is made from durable fabric and constructed to last.
Made in the USA - specifically California.
Comes in a choice of colors: Khaki, Black or Natural, which are all neutrals and will fit into any color way.
I received this carrier in Black, which I love. I always look for items that I can seamlessly wear so it blends in with my clothing. This is great for dads because it seems more like a piece of clothing versus an accessory.
How To Wear
The directions are very specific, succinct and thorough in regards to how to wear it and how to place the baby in it. It is super comfortable for both the wearer and baby. I love the fact that such a simple item not only serves the purpose of carrying your baby but the connection that it provides is so important and long lasting.
Comfortable To Wear
It was easy to put on and very easy to place the baby into. I found it to be super comfortable whether I wore it for 30 minutes or a couple of hours. Easy to navigate while being hands free as well as secure, the carrier just made my day that much more productive.
It’s A Great Gift
I love this carrier as a gift for a baby shower, for a mom while in the hospital (everyone always brings gift for the baby, it’s nice to be thought of as a new mom with something that can used and make your life easier, especially for breast feeding), for a new dad or for a sibling old enough to securely hold the baby (this allows bonding between siblings). This is truly an item that will stand the test of time for not only one child but it can be utilized for subsequent babies.
Perfect For New Moms
New Native Baby Carrier is a must for families with a new baby. The independence and connection that this carrier fosters is life changing.
Your baby may not remember the time spent in the carrier but you will. What they will feel is the love and pure bliss that you exude as a parent or family member when spending the precious time being physically close to them.
I love this product and believe anyone that receives it, will too!
Hello Long Beach!
Did you know that New Native Baby Carriers can now be found at Belmont Shore’s very own Born Free Children’s Boutique?
Born Free is Long Beach’s premier boutique for all things eco baby, and we couldn’t be happier to be partnering with such an altruistic local business. Born Free Children’s Boutique supports local manufacturers, and shares the New Native vison of ethically produced goods and socially responsible business practices.
Please go check us out, where you can try on the New Native Baby Carrier in person!
Together New Native and Born Free are making a difference today.
It’s summer and we want you and your baby to enjoy some cool savings on the coolest baby carrier around at this year’s AMAZON PRIME DAY!
Simply enter the promo code 3VAWZW7P at Amazon checkout and save.
UCLA Health | Vital Signs | SPRING 2017 | VOLUME 74
Most new mothers in the U.S. want to breastfeed their babies, yet only about half are still nursing at six months following birth, according to government statistics. The reality is that a number of problems can arise that derail breastfeeding. New mothers may stop nursing due to sore nipples, a low milk supply, fatigue or problems with the baby latching on to feed, says Angela Valle, MD, a UCLA OB/GYN in Westlake Village.
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Founder Nancy Main started New Native® in 1992 with the altruistic goal of providing a tool to promote happy, healthy, and harmonious parenting relationships. When babies are worn close to their care-giver, they feel more secure. This improves bonding and alleviates conflict. By instilling a sense of belonging and putting parents and children at ease, the New Native® Baby Carrier was designed to contribute to the wellbeing of the world community, one family at a time.
]]>The New Native® Baby Carrier has NEVER been recalled.
In order to maintain a high level of quality and corporate integrity, we have made our carriers in the USA since 1992. We provide clear and easy to understand instructions so that our customers can enjoy baby wearing safely. The New Native® Baby Carrier is third party tested for safety and is ASTM and Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) compliant.
]]>www.workpumprepeat.com and photo credit Laura Legg Photography
*The Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 (FMLA) is a United States federal law requiring covered employers to provide employees job-protected and unpaid leave for qualified medical and family reasons.
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Our products are manufactured in California, employing moms and therefore enabling families to spend more time together. CMTC has put together an awesome list of company's who manufacture in CA. See our profile HERE and yay California!
Photo: Gregory Daulton
]]>Catherine Dietrich | Huffington Post | 07/12/2016 03:53 pm ET | Updated Jul 18, 2016
Dear fellow 30-something mom,
I see you in the supermarket, I see you at the playground. I see you at the school drop-off, I see you on the train and in the kid-friendly restaurants. Sometimes you see me too, and we exchange a little smile, an eye-roll, an “I get it” moment.
More often, you don’t see me — you are chasing your toddler down the aisles, watching your pre-schooler like a hawk as she climbs higher than you’d like, admonishing your kid for pinching her brother, reaching for a wet wipe, mopping up a spilled drink.
A few days ago, I was at our public swimming pool, and if ever there was a stark metaphor for life as a mom in her 30s, the public swimming pool has to be it. There we all are: the stereotypes we swore we never would be, wading knee-deep in the kiddies’ pool, eyes locked on our littles — and genuinely delighted by their antics.
Although we may be there in pairs or groups, our conversations are piecemeal, we cannot relax. Our focus is entirely on our children. We are tired. We are distracted. Our tankini-clad bodies are battle-scarred and utterly not what they used to be.
Up on the hill are the shiny 20-somethings. They are flipping through magazines, chatting to their friends, Facebooking and selfie-snapping on their iPhones. They are rested. They are toned. They are magnificently oblivious to what is coming their way in the future. They don’t even see us. Or if they do, they swear they will never be us.
It’s okay. We were there once, and we know better than to be offended.
You see, the truth is, we 30-somethings have let ourselves go. No. We have let our SELVES go. We have small children and for the next little while, our SELVES will not come first. We will be sleeping (or not) according to the timetables of our toddlers and/or newborns and/or a combination of the above. Our hair will not be washed as often as we’d like.
Sit-ups? What sit-ups? We will be wiping noses and bottoms and messes from the walls. We will be cooking what feels like continuously from breakfast to supper time and not leaving the table until at least a forkful of peas have been eaten. We will spend hours a week kneeling by the side of the bath and then reading “just one more” bedtime story until we pass out on the edge of the toddler bed.
We will be fluent in the language of Paw Patrol, Sofia the First, Peppa Pig and Doc McStuffins, and will use said characters shamelessly as threats, bribes or as digital babysitters so we can dash upstairs to grab a shower. We will find ourselves negotiating with terrorists even though we swore we never would. We will answer to “Uppy” and “More” and “I don’t want to”, and we will say “What’s the magic word?” more times a day than we ever imagined possible.
This is 30-something. It’s not easy — and that’s the truth.
But there is another truth: Up there on the hill, nestled subtly amongst the 20-somethings, are the 40-somethings. They too are rested. They too are toned. They are alone, quietly reading a book. They see us, and they are sympathetic but also a bit smug. They’ve been there and done it and they know it doesn’t last forever. Girls, 40-something is the holy grail. 40-something is coming.
The decade we get our SELVES back.
Not that I want to wish away the time. Although 30-something so far is a bit of a blur, it’s also a kind of magic. Never again will I feel a squidgy cheek rest on my chest in the middle of the night. Little arms reaching up to me after a fall. The delicious baby smell and the little pairs of skinny jeans and sparkly trainers. The scooter rides and monkey bars and the bed time stories with a small person in the crook of each arm. Hearing “I want Mommy,” and “Please can you help me?” and “I want to huggle you.”
Yes, 40-something is coming, and it’s going to be bliss. But don’t let it come too fast. If I’m to lose my self for a decade, motherhood sure is a delicious thing to lose it to.
Love, Catherine
A version of this post originally appeared on Littles Love and Sunshine.
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If SIDS is basically a disorder of respiratory control and neurological immaturity (and I believe it is), anything that can help a baby’s neurological system mature overall will lower the risk of SIDS. That’s exactly what babywearing does.
While wearing our own babies, I noticed how my breathing affected theirs, especially when I was sitting still with a sleeping baby nestled in a sling against my chest. Whenever I took a deep breath, so did baby. Sometimes the stimulus was the rise and fall of my chest, at other times the air exhaled from my mouth and nose against baby’s scalp or cheek-stimulated baby to take a deep breath.
Have you ever wondered why mothers in other cultures have for centuries worn their babies in homemade slings? I used to believe this old custom’s purpose was simply to protect babies from jungle dangers or to enable mothers to do manual labor. Wrong! When I was researching parenting styles in other cultures, I interviewed African mothers who wore their babies in slings that were extensions of their clothing. They agreed that babywearing protected their infants from dangers, but that wasn’t the main reason for doing it. Instead, they said, “It makes life easier for the mother,” or “It does good things for babies.” “What good things?” I inquired. These mothers replied, “The babies seem happier,” or “They cry less,” or “They seem more content,” or “The babies grow better.”
Note: these observations were not from mothers who attended parenting classes, read books on baby bonding, or relied on scientific studies. These were mothers whose “sources” were their own powers of keen observation and centuries of tradition, both of which told them babies thrive better when carried in slings. Now, modern researchers have scientifically proven what these intuitive mothers have long known: Something good happens to babies who spend a lot of time nestled close to nurturing caregivers. Here’s why.
Babywearing exerts a regulatory effect on the baby, primarily through the vestibular system. This tiny system, located behind each ear, controls baby’s sense of internal balance. It is as if there are three tiny carpenter levels back there—one tracking side- to-side motion, another for up-and-down motion, and a third for back-and-forth motion—all functioning together to keep the body in balance. Every time the baby moves, the fluid in these “levels” moves against tiny hair-like filaments that vibrate, which sends messages to the brain to help baby balance her body.
In the womb, the baby’s very sensitive vestibular system is constantly stimulated because a fetus experiences almost continuous motion. Babywearing provides the same kind of three-dimensional stimulation and “reminds” the baby of the motion and balance he enjoyed in the womb. The rhythm of the mother’s walk, which baby got so used to in the womb, is experienced again in the “outside womb” during babywearing.
Activities such as rocking and carrying stimulate the baby’s vestibular system. Vestibular stimulation is a recently appreciated tool for helping babies breath and grow better, especially premature infants—those at highest risk of SIDS. Some studies showed premature babies placed on professionally-monitored, oscillating waterbeds grew better and had fewer apnea episodes than other preemies did (although one study disputed this.) Babies themselves recognize that they need vestibular stimulation; infants deprived of adequate vestibular stimulation often attempt to put themselves into motion on their own, with less efficient movements, such as self-rocking. Researchers believe that vestibular stimulation has a regulating effect on an infant’s overall physiology and motor development.
Newborn nurseries have recently begun using a method of vestibular stimulation called “kangaroo care,” in which a premature baby is wrapped, skin-to-skin, up against the mother’s or father’s chest. The parent rocks, holds, and gently moves with the baby. The rocking motion, the skin contact, and the rhythmic motion of the parent’s chest during breathing produces the following beneficial effects:Babies show:
Researchers believe that using kangaroo care helps the parent act as a regulator of baby’s physiology, including reminding the baby to breathe. In other experiments, infants with breathing difficulties were placed next to a teddy bear stuffed with a mechanism that seemed to “breathe”; these babies also had fewer apnea episodes. When this “breakthrough” in teddy technology hit the newspapers, a reader wrote in, “Why not use the real mother?”
]]>Whether it is the milk, the mother, or the method that is responsible for the lower SIDS risk in the breastfed infant is hard to tell. It’s probably a combination of all three which proves breastfeeding reduces SIDS.
There are hundreds of substances in human milk that aren’t in artificial milk. These cannot be manufactured or bought; they can only be made by mother. Each year researchers discover new factors in human milk that are beneficial to baby. I suspect that researchers have only scratched the surface of what amazing factors exist in human milk. The following is what we know. What is even more intriguing is what we do not yet know about how human milk benefits human babies in general and how it lowers the risk of SIDS in particular.
Respiratory and gastrointestinal infections contribute to the SIDS risk, and breastfeeding infants get fewer respiratory and gastrointestinal infections. Breastfeeding protects against RSV (respiratory syncytial virus) infections, and this virus has been implicated in causing inflammation of the lungs that could contribute to SIDS.
Between two and six months of age (which, you’ll recall, is also the peak period of SIDS risk), a baby’s immunity is lowest and the vulnerability to infection is highest. The newborn baby derives much of his immunity from his mother’s antibodies while in the womb. After birth these antibodies gradually disappear. Meanwhile, baby is making his own antibodies, so that by age six to nine months he is more capable of defending himself against infection. Between two and six months, when the antibodies derived prenatally from mother are at low levels and baby has not yet made enough of his own, the immunity factors in breastmilk fill in, taking over where the placenta left off and protecting the baby while his own immune system matures.
One of the ways in which breastmilk protects the infection-vulnerable infant is through the enteromammary immune system. When mother is exposed to a new germ, glands in her intestine make infection-fighting cells specifically for this germ. These special cells travel through her bloodstream to her breasts, where they announce the presence of the enemy germ. The breast glands respond by manufacturing antibodies, which are delivered to the baby through the milk. Because she can make new antibodies better and more quickly than her tiny baby can, mother updates her baby’s immunity with every feeding. Would it be presumptuous to call breastmilk a SIDS vaccine? Read on.
“MOTHER’S MILK: FOOD FOR SMARTER KIDS.” This was the headline in USA Today on February 2, 1992. While both experience and research have long suggested that breastfed babies are intellectually advantaged, the difference has usually been attributed more to the nurturing or to the character of the mother than to the type of milk. But new research suggests that it’s human milk itself rather than (or in addition to) the process of breastfeeding (or the skills of the mother) that enhances brain growth. Brain-building substances and elements called “growth factors” have recently been discovered in human milk. Researchers in England studied three hundred babies who were very premature and weighed less than four pounds, a group that is at high risk for SIDS. They divided their subjects into two groups: those who were fed their mother’s milk and those who were not. Because of their prematurity, these infants received the milk by tube rather than directly from the mother’s breasts, thereby separating the effects of the milk from the effects of the nurturing. Those premature babies who got their mother’s milk during the first five or six weeks of life averaged 8.3 points higher on IQ tests at age seven-and-a-half to eight years. Also significant in this study was that the more breastmilk the babies received, the higher these children scored. Since this study, over eleven more studies have concluded that breastfeeding builds better brains.
Why does human milk build better brains? Special nutrients in human milk that are not in artificial baby milks may be the answer. Human milk contains substances (such as cholesterol, linolenic acid, and taurine) that enhance the development of the central nervous system in several ways, the most convincing of which is that it provides vital fats, namely DHA for myelin, the insulating sheath around nerves that helps impulses travel faster. (Postmortem examinations have shown deficient myelination—the covering around nerves that lets impulses travel faster—in the nerves around the respiratory control center in some infants who died of SIDS). These areas show changes that could be the result of delayed development and/or oxygen deprivation. So vital are these brain builders that if a mother’s milk is short on these special nutrients, the mammary glands themselves make and deposit them into her milk. Although myelination continues well into early childhood, the greatest degree of myelination occurs during the first six months of life.
Besides reducing respiratory infections that clog baby’s air passages, breastfeeding also helps keep little airways open by not exposing them to the allergens in foreign milk. Stuffy noses and airways and recurrent respiratory-tract infections are frequent signs of allergies to artificial milk made from cow’s milk or bean milk (such as soy). Breastfeeding helps breathing in two ways: by helping the brain systems that control breathing to mature, and by helping to keep tiny air passages open. It is also interesting to note that breastfeeding infants have higher blood levels of the hormone progesterone, and progesterone stimulates breathing. In summary, babies who get breastmilk breath better.
As a final perk, even if human milk goes down the wrong pipe and enters baby’s lungs, it does not irritate the lungs as much as formula can. Human milk is not a foreign substance. Also, studies on experimental animals have shown that the introduction of water or cow’s milk into the upper trachea (the beginning of the airway) can lead to apnea. This did not occur when normal saline (a physiological solution similar to the infant’s own blood) or the species’ own milk was squirted into the trachea. These researchers concluded that aspiration of water or foreign milk may cause a stop-breathing episode in infants, a life-threatening episode that might not occur if mother’s milk accidentally goes down the wrong way.
Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is less severe in breastfed infants than in infants fed artificial baby milks, probably due to the fact that human milk is emptied faster from the stomach. Since GER has been implicated in apparent life-threatening events (ALTEs) and ALTEs may be a forerunner of SIDS, reducing GER could also reduce SIDS.
6. Breastfeeding organizes baby. I believe that an important piece of the SIDS puzzle is that some babies at risk of SIDS have an overall “disorganized physiology.” Breastfeeding has a calming effect on a baby. The harmony between a breastfeeding mother and her suckling infant has an organizing effect on baby’s sleep/wake cycles, probably as a result of the cue-response sensitivity of the breastfeeding pair.
Not only does breastmilk have protective qualities for baby, breastfeeding does good things for mother, which indirectly may reduce the risk of SIDS.
Breastfeeding is an exercise in babyreading. It increases the sensitivity of a mother to any changes in her baby. The increased maternal hormones (primarily prolactin and oxytocin) that are stimulated by baby’s sucking appear to provide a biological basis for the concept of mother’s intuition. During my 30 years of watching mothers and babies, I have been impressed by the increased sensitivity breastfeeding mothers have toward their babies. They’re able to read subtle cues and changes in their infants. Cindy, a breastfeeding mother, told me: “I can tell when my baby has an ear infection by the way she sucks.” Breastfeeding mothers tend to sleep with their babies, a nighttime parenting style that I believe decreases SIDS risk. A breastfeeding mother also sleeps differently than her formula-feeding friends. She may be more aware of changes in her baby, even while they both are sleeping. (See Co-sleeping and SIDS)
Can formula-feeding mothers attain this high level of sensitivity to their babies? I suspect they can, especially if they practice the rest of the attachment-parenting package, such as sharing sleep and wearing their baby. Yet without the hormonal boost that breastfeeding provides, bottle-feeding mothers have to work harder at developing this heightened awareness.
Besides the good stuff in breastmilk and the act of breastfeeding itself with its increased “touch time,” the way an infant breastfeeds may also lower the risk of SIDS.
Newborns have to learn to coordinate breathing and swallowing during feeding. For premature infants (those at highest risk for SIDS), this is a gradual learning process. Studies show that premature babies who breastfeed coordinate sucking, swallowing, and breathing more efficiently than do their bottlefeeding mates. Breastfeeders also tend to feed more frequently than their bottlefeeding friends, therefore getting more practice coordinating their swallowing and breathing. Since tiny infants tend to have weak points in muscle support of their upper airways, their breathing passages are narrower, especially during sleep. Any exercise of the mouth and throat muscle is helpful in keeping the airways open.
In full-term infants, breastfeeding helps keep tiny airways open by helping the jawbone and muscles of the upper airway develop better. Dental studies show that breastfeeding babies develop better alignment of the oral cavity. Dr. Shirley Tonkin, a New Zealand researcher, told me she believes that breastfeeding infants are more likely to use their jaws and pharyngeal muscles in a sucking motion that enhances the development of muscles, bones and lips—all of which helps keep their airways open better than those of bottlefeeding babies. Dr. Tonkin, a pathologist, speculated that the different muscle actions involved in bottlefeeding may contribute to the growth of larger tongues, thus further narrowing the already unstable airway of tiny infants. A recent postmortem finding that SIDS babies have larger tongues lends support to Tonkin’s theory. The more stable the airway to breathing, the lower the risk of SIDS.
Putting infants to sleep on their backs or sides rather than on their stomachs may lower the risk of SIDS. When my wife, Martha, breastfed our eight babies, she invariably put them to sleep on their backs or sides, believing that in this position the breastfeeding pair had easier access to nursing at night. Breastfeeding mothers I have interviewed, especially those who share a bed with their infant, most often place their babies on their sides facing them; or the infant often sleeps in the crook of mother’s arm, necessitating a back or side position.
As we await the results of more research, we can continue to rely on common sense. The milk of each species of mammal is different and designed to insure the best chances of survival for the young of that species. (Consider what happens if you put the wrong fuel into a car. Sooner or later it doesn’t run right and its engine control systems fail.) I believe that someday a researcher will discover what savvy mothers have long suspected: there are nutrients in mother’s milk that help keep new lives living. In the meantime, it’s possible that any one of the protective effects of breastfeeding could lower the SIDS risk, even slightly. When you put together all the benefits of breastfeeding, the good stuff in breastmilk, the special touch of breastfeeding, and the special actions of breast suckling, you have a compelling case that breastfeeding increases an infant’s chances of health and well-being.
]]>Emotional Learning in Infants: A Cross-Cultural Examination 1*
Michael Lamport Commons Patrice Marie Miller
Harvard Medical School Harvard Medical School and Salem State College
Commons@tiac.net PatriceMarieMiller@Mediaone.net
The current paper examines subcortically based early emotional learning in infants from diverse cultures. We speculate about some longterm deleterious or beneficial effects of this early learning. According to their specific goals for children, different cultures provide different child rearing environments and obtain different behavioral outcomes. As a result, the behavior of infants, young children and older individuals varies across cultures. Although we would not argue that these early experiences are completely formative by themselves, there tends to be continuity of socialization over time. The fundamental behavior patterns set into place during early socialization are further elaborated on as the child grows, and they persist into adulthood. Cultures may have markedly different goals and socialization practices. In addition, what is viewed in one culture as normal emotional learning and obviously the correct methods for achieving that learning, may be seen by another culture as strange, deficient or even pathological. As will also become clear, although there is considerable work on early emotional learning (during the first 6-8 months), there is little work explicitly and directly relating this early learning to later behavior. This paper will conclude with some suggestions for doing so. In particular, it is suggested that early stressful experiences may result in a differential ability to handle stressful experiences later in life. The mechanisms by which this is accomplished are: a) that early child care practices that produce stress in infants, may result in higher levels of cortisol on a long term basis, and b) that certain emotional behaviors may be learned subcortically during the first few months of life, and that these behaviors will persist.
Early Learning
Much emotional and interactive behavior is learned during the first 6- to 7-months of life, and much of this learning takes place subcortically. According to Emde and his colleagues (1976) as well as others (e.g. Fischer & Rose, 1995) seven to nine months is the time of a major bio-behavioral shift. During this shift, changes take place in the frontal lobes of the cortex such that the cortex becomes more involved in planning and carrying out deliberate actions. These changes involve both myelination of the frontal cortex, the growth of connections between that area and other brain areas, and the death of some of the extra neurons present in these areas. Therefore, we would infer that before this biobehavioral shift is the period during which subcortical learning might be most prevalent. Even after this biobehavioral shift, when the cortex is more involved in behavior, there is a variety of different evidence that suggests that subcortical processing may continue to be an important part of learning and experiencing emotions. For example, Todd et al. (1995) summarize evidence suggesting that myelination continues in some areas of the brain until 6 years of age (for example, for the primary motor and sensory areas of the brain), and in a few areas (for example, some of the associative areas) even beyond that. Other evidence suggests that at least some emotions, such as fear, may be learned subcortically at least into early childhood (for example, Izard & Harris, 1995; Jacobs and Nadel, 1985; or LeDoux, 1987). Today, we focus on experiences that infants have before the 7- to 9- month bio-behavioral shift takes place. A more detailed paper would show either that the continuation of practices into early childhood and beyond could strengthen patterns already established, or that a shift in practices might change the eventual outcome. Rather than relying on data from one study, this paper integrates results from a variety of published studies. None of these data were originally collected with the purpose of this paper in mind. We feel that this gives us a relatively conservative method of evaluating the hypothesis that a large amount of emotional learning can take place early in life. In examining how infant behavior develops in different cultures we will use the model proposed by Sigel (1985). Sigel proposes a model that relates parental beliefs and goals to parental behavior, which is then related to child behavioral outcomes. Others (e.g. LeVine et al., 1994) have proposed similar models. Differing Parental Goals and Behavior Parents in different cultural settings have different goals for their children. LeVine and colleagues (LeVine et al., 1994) contrast North American (that is, U.S.) parents with Kenyan Gusii parents. The U.S. parents, he argues have a pedagogic model. The major goals are for children to learn to feel emotionally independent from their parents and to develop interactive and language skills. We will outline a number of features of this model. Independence and Sleeping Patterns In order to accomplish their goals, American parents engage in a number of behaviors. Richman, Miller & Solomon (1988), Morelli et al. (1992) and others have described the North American practice of placing even newborn infants in their own beds and often in their own rooms. In Morelli et al.’s sample of 18 North American families, not a single family reported bringing their newborn into bed with them, although 15 allowed the infant to sleep in a bassinet or crib in the parental room. For the vast majority, this lasted only for the first 3 months or so of life, at which time infants were moved into their own rooms. The Gusii would be quite shocked by these practices. Other Separation North American parents are also relatively tolerant of other separations: infants are left with unrelated nonresident babysitters on a routine basis by many parents. More extended separations continue to be tolerated by some. For example, parents of young infants may go away for the weekend and leave their infant with a non-resident grandparent. There are no data on the extent of this practice. One practice that reflects the degree of comfort of the culture as a whole with such separations is the fact that until relatively recently, parents were not allowed to stay with their infants and children in hospitals. Most traditional societies are aghast at this practice and have not followed it when introduced to it by Northern Europeans and Americans. The lack of co-sleeping and the tolerance for separation have been added by us to other practices of the pedagogical model seen as essential by LeVine et al. (1994). Verbalizing and face to face interaction As detailed by many investigators (e.g. Brazelton, Koslowski & Main, 1974; LeVine et al., 1994) American mothers behave as if their infants have the capacity to be active participants in interactions with adults: they talk to, look at, smile at and otherwise actively interact with infants from birth. In the absence of actual vocal responses from these very young infants, mothers respond to burps, hand movements, and other behaviors as if these are conversational overtures. Accompanying this strong emphasis on verbal interaction is a deemphasis on physical contact when compared to many other cultures. For example, Richman, Miller & Solomon (1988), and Miller (1994) detailed the low rate of touching and holding among U.S. mothers when compared with Kenyan Gusii mothers in one case and with Mexican mothers in another case. Miller (1994) has suggested that one could have high rates of touching and high rates of verbal interaction, but at least in the U.S., this does not occur. Consoling In contrast to the U.S. parent’s high responsiveness to positive vocal/verbal behavior, LeVine et al., 1994) reported that American mothers are relatively tolerant of infant crying, allowing it to continue for much longer than mothers in other cultures would. For example, Gusii mothers watching videotapes of U.S. mothers were upset by how long it took these mothers to respond to infant crying.
Pediatric Model
In contrast to the pedagogical model, LeVine (LeVine et al., 1994) described some cultures as having a pediatric model, that is, a model in which the most important goal is protecting the health and survival of the infant. Although he used this term specifically in describing the Gusii of Kenya, aspects of this model apply to other cultures as well (and perhaps particularly to cultures in which infant mortality is still high or has only recently decreased).
Co-sleeping and Breast Feeding on demand. In many cultures, including the Gusii studied by LeVine et al. (1994) and the Mayans studied by Morelli et al. (1992), mothers and infants sleep together. This practice generally lasts until the mother’s next child is born. Sleeping together allows the mother to more easily breast feed the infant, and breast feeding on demand both at night and during the day typically continues into the second year, and perhaps beyond. LeVine et al. (1994) argue that frequent breast feeding has played an essential role in cultures where infant mortality was very high, by helping to ensure early weight gain and the possible maintenance of hydration in the presence of diarrhea. Consoling Mothers whose behavior can be described as following the pediatric model tend to respond rapidly to crying, and show high rates of holding and touching. By responding rapidly to infant distress, and otherwise keeping the infant as quiet as possible (not encouraging other types of interaction that may excite the infant too much), and by engaging in higher rates of holding and touching (Miller, 1994) mothers in these cultures aim to produce children who are quiet, and when older are respectful and obedient to adults. As shown by experimental studies (Barr, 1990) increased holding by mothers tends to result in infants who cry less. LeVine argues that minimizing caloric expenditure due to excessive crying and too much activity may have improved infant survival under difficult conditions.
Verbalization and face to face interactions. Mothers in cultures like the Gusii do not typically talk to their infants extensively (e.g. Ochs & Schieffelin, 1984; LeVine et al., 1994) nor, in the case of the Gusii of Kenya at least, engage in much or any eye-contact with them. They do not see infants as capable of communicating or of understanding language and so do not engage in the type of stimulating face-to-face interactions with them that are seen among U.S. mothers and infants. Middle class mothers from the U.S. tend to find this bizarre.
What Infants Learn. What do infants learn in these situations? Much of the existing evidence has focused on the more overt, cortically controlled behaviors. We know, for example, from the work of LeVine and his colleagues (LeVine et al., 1994; Richman, 1983) that older U.S. infants and children are more active and talkative than the Kenyan (Gusii) infants and children. What types of subcortically controlled behaviors might they also be learning? There is less actual evidence of these types of behaviors, but knowing something about what systems are involved we can offer some possibilities for future exploration. This discussion will focus on nonverbal behaviors and on emotions. A first difference might involve an infant or child’s general level of arousal. Because interactions with U.S. infants involve a lot of stimulation and reinforcement of vocal/verbal behaviors, and elicitation of smiling and laughing, these interactions have been observed to involve high peaks of excitement, longer interactions that involve play and other exciting activities, and generally higher levels of arousal in the infants (Dixon, Tronick, Keefer & Brazelton, 1981). Dixon and colleagues contrasted this with the style of interaction of the Kenyan (Gusii) mothers. These mothers engaged in the more exciting types of interactions for only very brief periods of time, and when their infants began to get too aroused and excited they were observed to avert their eyes and/or turn away. It is inferred that in general, the U.S. infants spend more of their time in highly aroused and excited states and infants in soothing/distress responsiveness cultures (like to Gusii) spend more of their time in less aroused and excited states. Later on, U.S. children may be more likely to be stimulus seeking, although Gusii children may not or may even prefer quietness, sedateness and low key interactions. Due to relative tolerance of crying among U.S. mothers, and less holding, American infants are expected to be more fussy (Barr, 1990). It may be inferred that the holding and soothing strategies used by Gusii mothers, among others, produce infants that spend less time distressed. U.S. infants and children, therefore, are more likely to spend time in both excited and happy states of arousal and in distressed states of arousal. Infants who are soothed and held will be less likely to experience both peaks of excitement and peaks of distress. The question we will take up below is whether exposure to such peaks of both positive and negative arousal helps infants to cope better with later stresses, or not. Finally, it is apparent that U.S. infants must learn to cope early with being alone and specifically with being separated from their mothers. Tennes (1982) has shown that in human infants there is a positive linear relationship between amount of separation protest and the amount of cortisol secreted. The information we have about sleep patterns in American infants and children also suggests that these produce stress in them. Although we are not aware of studies that have measured cortisol levels in infants sleeping apart from their parents and those sleeping with their parents, there is some evidence that these sleeping practices are stressful for American infants. For example, bedtime rituals seem to occur in U.S. settings, where infants and children are put to bed at set times and in separate areas, but rarely in other settings (e.g. Morelli et al., 1992). These rituals may last up to an hour in some cases and seem to be a response to the difficulty the infant or child has with going to bed on their own. A majority of U.S. infants in the Morelli et al. study also required transitional objects such as pacifiers, “blankies” or stuffed animals. It is well known from studies of adults (as summarized by Fackelmann, 1998) that cortisol is produced during all types of stressful events, and that high levels of cortisol seem to be associated with a number of effects, including low immune system functioning.
Implications
We are suggesting two possible early effects of early child rearing practices: a) different emotional behaviors related to arousal versus lack of arousal, expectations for contact with consoling individuals when one is upset or alone, and differential anticipations for other features of interactions with others (Commons, 1991). b) possibly long term differences in the release of cortisol and possible related changes in brain structure due to the relative stressfulness of certain practices It is expected that much of the early emotional learning takes place subcortically and results in children who have quite different expectations from their interactions with other people. As discussed above, such subcortically learned expectations may not be accessible to conscious awareness and therefore control and relearning. One implication is that cultures that train for independence, and therefore self-responsibility, risk having more PTSD later in life. That is because these cultures do not support infants (nor adults) during stressful and traumatic events to the same extent as do cultures that emphasize dependence and mutual support. Whether distressed or not, Individuals are isolated or separated and do not experience as much physical contact, which is known to be soothing (it has been shown to reduce blood pressure and so on). Early stressful practices may produce lasting effects, as these areas of the brain are still developing. As has been suggested by numerous investigators, the pathways that remain in place after early development are very determined by experience (as summarized in Todd et al., 1995). There may therefore be permanent alterations in stress-related neurotransmitter systems (such as the release of higher levels of cortisol). It is also the case that even later on, these individualistic cultures do not make coping with stress and trauma easy, as they tend to view trauma as shameful, something the individual should have controlled or avoided as part of their independence, and typically something to be dealt with alone. Because of the shameful nature of most trauma, it is not openly discussed, which seems to worse its effects.
1* Paper presented at the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Philadelphia, PA, February, 1998. For further information please write to Michael L. Commons, Program in Psychiatry and the Law, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Mental Health Center, 74 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115 or send e-mail to commons@tiac.net.
See Download for references here.
]]>By Jackie Hunt Christensen | EcoMall.com | Download
Ever wonder what your child's toys are made of? Chances are, if the toys aren't wood or metal, they're some kind of plastic. But what kind? Unlike most food containers or packaging, toys generally aren't marked with the triangle of "chasing arrows" and a "1," "2," or "4" in the middle that indicates the type of plastic used in its manufacture.
As a curious environmental activist and concerned parent of two, I decided to do some checking. I started with one of my girlhood icons, BarbieTM. Over a year ago, McDonald's restaurants were giving away miniature Barbies with their Happy Meals. A friend of mine was collecting them for her niece. I scanned Barbie's body for some sort of resin code (the ones that appear in the "chasing arrows" triangle) and found none. I called McDonald's to see what McBarbie (not her real name) was made of. They seemed perplexed that I should ask this question-why did I want to know? So I said my son had pulled off Barbie's leg and I wanted to know if she was recyclable. They assured me that yes, she was, but they didn't know what she was made of. So I called Mattel, the company that manufactures Barbie. Customer service representatives said that all Barbies are made of a plastic called polyvinyl chloride, or PVC.
Hearing this concerned me a great deal, and I began looking at my son Alex's plastic toys. Most of them were not labeled either, and the ones that were tended to be "2s" (high density polyethylene) or "5s" (polypropylene).
What's Wrong with PVC?
I'm concerned about PVC in my sons' toys for a couple of reasons: its potential for affecting their health, and its potential for harming the environment.
My son Bennett is almost 18 months old, and is working on his last four teeth. Everything goes into his mouth and is chewed with abandon. From my research, the risks to him come primarily from plasticizers called "phthalates" that are used to make the flexible PVC items like teethers. There are several phthalates that may be used in PVC, but the most common are di-ethylhexyl-phthalate (DEHP), di-isodecyl phthalate (DIDP), and di-isononyl-phthalate (DINP). Phthalates are not chemically bound to the PVC. Instead, they sit side by side with the polymer. This means that the phthalates can leach out of the PVC and into the surrounding environment-which may include my son's mouth. The Danish Department of Environmental Chemistry recently studied teething rings sold in Denmark and reported that "significant migration of certain phthalates was found...."
A large variety of health effects in wildlife and humans have been associated with phthalates. One of the most frightening, I think, is the possibility that phthalates may be chemicals that behave similarly to hormones in our bodies. Eight phthalates have been shown to be weakly estrogenic, which means they can cause responses in the body similar to those elicited by estrogen. As you probably know, estrogen is a hormone involved in reproduction and sexual development. Both men and women produce estrogen to regulate those important functions, but I don't want my son exposed to anything that might upset his body's own delicate balance.
Other effects of phthalates:
It must be noted that other than DEHP, many of the phthalates have not been well-evaluated for their possible health effects to humans. In my opinion, this means that my children are serving as guinea pigs. I would have hoped that our actions on thalidomide and diethylstilbestrol (DES) would have taught us to heed the warning sirens sounded by effects on animals.
The Consumer Product Safety Commission's (CPSC) Chronic Hazard Panel has met several times to discuss DEHP, but to date, the only action has been a voluntary reduction by domestic toy makers in its use for children's toys; the CPSC has not taken action on other phthalates or called for more studies on other phthalates, despite mounting evidence about their possible hormone-disrupting properties and other health effects. Personally, I would prefer that if toys must be made of plastic for some reason, a resin which does not require plasticizers should be used.
Alex, who is six, doesn't put his toys in his mouth much anymore. Ben, however, who doesn't yet understand the "laws" of toy ownership, does not discriminate between his own toys and Alex's. Were I to let him, Ben would just as soon chew on the PVC-stuffed Beanie Baby Alex got for his sixth birthday as his own polyester-filled terrycloth cow. That Beanie Baby, as well as other plastic toys in my house, has posed health as well as environmental dilemmas for me. Here's why:
The PVC Lifecycle
One of the reasons that PVC is bad for people and the environment is that two of the chlorine-based chemicals involved in pvc production, ethylene dichloride and vinyl chloride monomer, are hazardous in and of themselves. Ethylene dichloride is a possible human carcinogen and vinyl chloride monomer is a known human carcinogen. Production of those pvc "building blocks" can also produce dioxin, one of the most toxic substances known to humans. In the process of making vinyl chloride monomer into polyvinyl chloride for Barbies or thousands of other uses, more dioxin and other toxic by-products are also likely to be produced.
Dioxin is an unwanted by-product of a number of industrial processes, including incineration, chlorinated bleaching wood pulp cellulose, and the manufacture of PVC. It doesn't degrade easily and so builds up both in the environment and in our bodies, where it is stored in fat. Dioxin has been linked to a host of health effects in wildlife and humans, including various cancers, endometriosis, and problems with the body's hormone system, which is responsible for growth, sexual development, and reproduction.
PVC by itself is very brittle, so depending on the intended use, a variety of plasticizers and stabilizers may be added. Many of these compounds are toxic, too. Some common stabilizers used in PVC include lead and organotin compounds.
In 1996, lead was found to leach out of imported vinyl (PVC) mini-blinds, creating a lead hazard for small children. Lead affects the nervous and reproductive systems and in children, can cause permanent brain damage. We know lead is bad-that's why we don't let our kids eat paint. Why should we let them have toys that might contain lead? Organotins have been linked to birth defects in rats. All three of these heavy metals are suspected hormone-disrupting chemicals.
A 1997 report by Greenpeace USA sampled 131 toys and children's products for lead and cadmium. More than 20 percent were found to contain greater than 100 parts per million of lead. Most of the toys were purchased from chain stores like Toys R Us, Kmart, Wal-Mart, or Target and/or were major labels, like Disney or Barbie.
Lastly, because PVC contains so much chlorine (about 57 percent by volume), it can also produce dioxin when it is incinerated or accidentally burned. Burning PVC can also release the heavy metal stabilizers into the air and the environment. If I were to throw out that Beanie Baby in my household trash, it would be taken to our local garbage incinerator, where it could release any number of pollutants into the environment. So for now, we're stuck with it.
What About Recycling?
If Barbie or any other toy made of PVC happens to be labeled with a recycling code, it will be a "3." Recycling PVC is problematic, particularly because most PVC in commerce-including toys-is not labeled. PVC is a common contaminant in plastics collected for recycling, and its high chlorine levels may render polyethylene terephthalate (pet) or high-density polyethylene (hdpe) unrecycleable. When burned, pvc creates hydrochloric acid, which can "eat" the other resins. In fact, one PVC item can destroy up to 100,000 pet bottles.
PVC and Toys Around the World
Many European countries have already seen some action taken on PVC in toys. For example, some manufacturers voluntarily withdrew soft PVC toys from the market after the Danish Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) found that phthalates could leach from teething rings. One Swedish manufacturer, KF, voluntarily withdrew 75 products for testing. The International Council of Toy Industries of Europe has reportedly set up a working group on the health risks associated with PVC. The Danish EPA plans to use a system of taxes, labels, and public purchasing policies to eventually phase out phthalates. Sweden's government is considering a ban on phthalates in PVC toys for kids under age three and also promises that, "If the environmental impact of PVC is not reduced, PVC plastic will be banned."
As of this writing, the European Commission (EC) has just agreed to draw up a directive, to be prepared by EC Consumer Protection Commissioner Emma Bonino, that will address the use of phthalates in PVC products. Ms. Bonino had requested the EC to support a three-month ban on the sale of chewable soft pvc toys. Teething rings and other toys would have been banned because of health concerns-particularly liver damage-over the levels of DEHP and DINP found to leach out of the products. Yet our own US Commerce Department and Consumer Product Safety Commission may have played a role in the EC's decision not to invoke a ban which "might cause trade misunderstandings between the United States and the European Union."
As Swedish environment minister Anna Lindh has said, "The PVC industry has had a very long time to find substitutes for hazardous compounds but it evidently has not managed to do so.... It is the fault of the industry that PVC is no longer acceptable."
What's a Concerned Parent to Do?
Here are a few of the strategies I've employed to reduce my children's and the environment's risks from pvc toys. Next time you're shopping for a birthday or holiday gift, these are a few things to consider:
Liz Borkowsk | Real Green Living | Feature article - Jan/Feb 2006 | GreenAmerica.org | Website | Download
Conventional plastics can pollute the environment and leach harmful chemicals. Here's what you need to know to stay safe.
When plastic manufacturing took off in the early 20th century, plastic was heralded as a miraculous material—lightweight, flexible, and sturdy. Eventually, though, plastic’s down sides started to emerge: Toxic chemicals such as benzene and dioxin are released into surrounding communities during the manufacture of certain types of plastic, and some types leach chemicals as we use them. A plastic bottle tossed into a landfill will take hundreds of years to break down. Plastic bags that litter the landscape will kill animals that try to eat them, and they’ll harm aquatic life when dropped into bodies of water. Several studies have uncovered health risks associated with exposure to fumes from its incineration.
Plastic recycling has lightened some of the environmental burden of disposal, but the majority of plastics are landfilled or incinerated after a single use; the US plastic-bottle recycling rate is less than 25 percent, according to the American Plastics Council. Even if we raised that percentage, recycling plastic isn’t an ideal solution; the plastic we recycle doesn’t turn into more of the same kind plastic we tossed into the bin, but has to become lower-quality plastic that has limited applications, such as plastic lumber.
By reducing your use of plastic, choosing plastic products carefully, and using them safely, you can reduce the risks that plastics pose to the Earth and your family’s health.
Problems with Plastics 3, 6, & 7
Of most concern to your health and the environment are the types of plastic coded for recycling as #3, #6, and #7.
#3 (Polyvinyl Chloride): The nonprofits Center for Health, Environment & Justice (CHEJ) and Environmental Health Strategy Center have asked companies to phase out the use of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), a type of plastic widely used in construction and consumer goods, because it poses serious health threats at every stage of its life cycle. In a report entitled “PVC: Bad News Comes in 3s,” the groups explain that PVC production requires highly polluting and cancer-causing chemicals that have contaminated the areas where PVC is manufactured. They also point out that PVC is often made with plasticizers such as phthalates, which can leach out of or evaporate from the finished products and have been shown to cause developmental and reproductive damage. And, they point out that PVC incineration leads to the emission of dioxins, which are known to cause cancer, as well as reproductive, developmental, and immune problems. Landfilling PVC can cause the plastic’s toxic additives to leach into groundwater. PVC is very difficult to recycle and contaminates other kinds of plastics when recycled with them.
#6 (Polystyrene): Polystyrene is used in foam food trays, egg cartons, carry-out containers, opaque plastic cutlery, and other disposable food service items. It’s a concern because the chemical styrene can leach from it into food and beverages. According to the EPA, short-term styrene exposure at levels above the Maximum Contaminant Level (used to set drinking-water standards) can cause nervous-system effects such as loss of concentration, weakness, and nausea. Long-term exposure can cause liver and nerve damage and cancer.
#7 (Polycarbonates and Others): Although the #7 designation is a catchall for plastics that don’t fit into one of the other categories, products marked with this number are often polycarbonates, which are used in plastic baby bottles, the plastic liners of metal food cans, sport water bottles, and other items. Bisphenol-A (BPA) is an endocrine disruptor that is used in making polycarbonates and can leach from them when they’re used. A recent review of studies regarding BPA’s effects (Environmental Health Perspectives, August 2005) finds that more than 80 percent of published studies assessing the effects of low-dose BPA exposure on laboratory animals found significant effects, including alterations to brain chemistry and structure, behavior, the immune system, and male and female reproductive systems.
Be a Smart Plastic User
Here are ways to make your plastic use healthier and more environmentally friendly.
Reduce and Reuse: There are a few cases—such as that of medical supplies—in which it’s necessary to use plastic once and then discard it, but it’s often possible to find a better alternative. Avoid single-use items such as disposable bottles, plates, and cutlery. Carry a refillable bottle or mug for beverages on the go, and bring reusable cloth bags to stores. For leftovers and takeout food, reusable containers are better than foam boxes or plastic wrap and bags. If you regularly buy products that are only available in plastic packaging, buy the largest container available, rather than the multiple smaller ones, to cut down on the total amount of plastic used.
Take precautions: When you do use plastic, it’s best to choose those labeled #1, #2, #4, and #5 and avoid those labeled #3, #6, and #7. Even if you’re choosing the best plastic, though, there are still chemical leaching concerns associated with long storage or heat. The Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy has issued a “Smart Plastics Guide” that includes the following recommendations for using any type of plastic:
Take Care With Kids: The rapid development and immature immune systems of fetuses and children make them particularly susceptible to damage from toxins, so pregnant women and parents should exercise extra caution with plastics. The Children’s Health Environmental Coalition (CHEC) advises choosing cloth and wooden toys and avoiding plastic toys, which are often made of PVC and can leach harmful chemicals when chewed on. Or, consult Greenpeace’s Toy Report Card to learn which toy manufacturers have eliminated PVC from their products.
Plastic baby bottles are of particular concern to parents. Breastfeeding can eliminate the need for a lot of plastic, but parents may still want to use bottles for pumped breast milk or juice. CHEC recommends avoiding polycarbonate bottles, which are generally clear and rigid and bear the #7 symbol, and choosing bottles made of tempered glass or polyethylene and polypropylene (#1, #2, or #5); they note that Medela and Evenflo make bottles from safer plastics. CHEC also recommends using bottle nipples made of clear silicone rather than yellow rubber, because the silicone hides less bacteria and is heat resistant.
Recycle Responsibly: Recycle your plastics following the instructions given by your local recycling program. If you have a curbside program that doesn’t accept certain plastics, consult www.earth911.org to find an alternative drop-off site near you. Advocate for more extensive plastic recycling collections, and purchase items made from or packaged in post-consumer content.
New Trend: Bioplastics
Concerns about the rising price and supply limits of petroleum, as well as environmental factors, have spurred the use and development of bioplastics synthesized from corn, soy, sugar cane, and other crops. Toyota has started using bioplastics in some of its cars; Wild Oats, Newman’s Own, and Del Monte have adopted them for deli and food packages; and even Wal-Mart has begun using a corn based packaging for cut fruit and vegetables. Most of the bioplastic packaging used in the US is polymerized lactic acid (PLA) made by NatureWorks LLC, a company owned by Cargill.
Bioplastic's Benefits: Unlike conventional plastics, bioplastics biodegrade relatively quickly under the right conditions, and they’re made from annually renewable crops rather than petroleum. PLA can also be recycled into more of the same product repeatedly, while plastic can’t.
Early reports suggest that bioplastic can be an effective substitute for petroleum-based plastic. Last July, the Los Angeles Times published an article about Cargill’s Nebraska facility that manufactures PLA from corn. “The end products—which include T-shirts, forks and coffins—look, feel and perform like traditional polyester and plastic made from a petroleum base,” the article reports. “But the manufacturing process consumes 50 percent less fossil fuel, even after accounting for the fuel needed to plant and harvest the corn.”
Concerns: Since relatively few people in the US have access to commercial or industrial composters, which help bioplastics degrade, lots of bioplastic is ending up in landfills or recycling bins. In landfills, PLA will lack the light and heat it needs to degrade. Plastic recycling is unlikely to be adversely affected by PLA, which can’t currently be processed by mainstream recyclers, until it makes up a far greater percentage of plastic than it does now. The best option would be to develop a separate recycling stream for PLA.
The Sustainable Energy & Environmental Demand (SEED) Initiative of the organization Future 500 brings together NGOs, corporations, and governments to develop markets for emerging technologies that will reduce petroleum dependence. SEED is helping NatureWorks and environmental groups work together to make PLA as eco-friendly as possible. Issues include the large amounts of energy and chemicals used to grow and process the corn, the use of GMO corn, and waste disposal. NatureWorks has already taken positive steps in these areas by purchasing green-power offsets, offering customers options to buy non-GMO-corn offsets or GMO-free PLA, and buying baled PLA back from recyclers. They continue to work with stakeholders through SEED.
One danger of increased bioplastic use is that people might end up buying a lot of it if they think it’s less problematic than petroleum-based alternatives. A shift to bioplastics still needs to be accompanied by waste reduction.
Best Uses:When reuse isn’t feasible, bioplastics can be the best alternative. For instance, our Green Festival® events, a joint program of Green America and Global Exchange, are held in venues where vendors can’t wash and reuse food service items. Instead, we use compostable plates, cups, and utensils from Biocorp and serve BIOTA water, which comes in compostable bottles. Hundreds of volunteers help attendees sort their waste into the appropriate bins, and we send the composting to a municipal composter afterwards.
Bioplastic is also a good option for collecting kitchen compost and yard trimmings destined for commercial composting, because the bags can be composted along with their contents. With a little forethought, we can all reduce our use of plastics and make the healthiest choices for our families and the planet.
—Liz Borkowski
See download or link for resources
]]>Andrea C Wilson, J Stewart Forsyth, Stephen A Greene, Linda Irvine, Catherine Hau, Peter W Howie
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the relation of infant feeding practice to childhood respiratory illness, growth, body composition, and blood pressure. Design: Follow up study of a cohort of children (mean age 7.3 years) who had detailed infant feeding and demographic data collected prospectively during the first two years of life. Setting: Dundee. Subjects: 674 infants, of whom 545 (81%) were available for study. Data on respiratory illness were available for 545 children (mean age 7.3 (range 6.1ˇ 9.9) years); height for 410 children; weight and body mass index for 412 children; body composition for 405 children; blood pressure for 301 children (mean age 7.2 (range 6.9ˇ10.0) years). Main outcome measures: Respiratory illness, weight, height, body mass index, percentage body fat, and blood pressure in relation to duration of breast feeding and timing of introduction of solids. Results: After adjustment for the significant confounding variables the estimated probability of ever having respiratory illness in children who received breast milk exclusively for at least 15 weeks was consistently lower (17.0% (95% confidence interval 15.9% to 18.1%) for exclusive breast feeding, 31.0% (26.8% to 35.2%) for partial breast feeding, and 32.2% (30.7% to 33.7%) for bottle feeding. Solid feeding before 15 weeks was associated with an increased probability of wheeze during childhood (21.0% (19.9% to 22.1%) v 9.7% (8.6% to 10.8%)). It was also associated with increased percentage body fat and weight in childhood (mean body fat 18.5% (18.2% to 18.8%) v 16.5% (16.0% to 17.0%); weight standard deviation score 0.02 ( - 0.02 to 0.06) v - 0.09 ( - 0.16 to 0.02). Systolic blood pressure was raised significantly in children who were exclusively bottle fed compared with children who received breast milk (mean 94.2 (93.5 to 94.9) mm Hg v 90.7 (89.9 to 91.7) mm Hg). Conclusions: The probability of respiratory illness occurring at any time during childhood is significantly reduced if the child is fed exclusively breast milk for 15 weeks and no solid foods are introduced during this time. Breast feeding and the late introduction of solids may have a beneficial effect on childhood health and subsequent adult disease.
Introduction
The extent to which adult health is determined by nutritional factors in early life has been the subject of much debate since Barker observed that low birth weight and weight at 1 year are associated with adult disease.1 One of the explanations for these findings is that nutritional deficiencies at critical periods of fetal and infant growth may induce permanent changes in physiological function.2 Whether infant feeding practice influences childhood or adult health remains uncertain. Breast feeding is associated with health gain during infancy, with reduction in gastroenteritis and respiratory disease,3 but whether these benefits extend into childhood has not been established. Infant feeding practice varies widely throughout the United Kingdom. Exclusive breast feeding is recommended for at least four months, with solid foods being introduced thereafter,4 5 but currently in the United Kingdom 64% of infants are breast fed initially, with only 19% still being breast fed at 4 months of age. Additionally, 90% of infants start eating solid foods before the age of 4 months.6 With this variance between recommendation and practice, robust evidence is needed to support the national policy. We determined the relation between infant feeding practice and childhood health. Outcome measures were episodes of respiratory illness and measurements of growth, body composition, and blood pressure. Infant feeding data from the first two years of life were collected prospectively as part of the Dundee infant feeding study.
Download and read full study here.
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There has been a lot of media claiming that sleeping with your baby in an adult bed is unsafe and can result in accidental smothering of an infant. One popular research study came out in 1999 from the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission that showed 515 cases of accidental infant deaths occurred in an adult bed over an 8-year period between 1990 and 1997. That’s about 65 deaths per year. These deaths were not classified as Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), where the cause of death is undetermined. There were actual causes that were verified upon review of the scene and autopsy. Such causes included accidental smothering by an adult, getting trapped between the mattress and headboard or other furniture, and suffocation on a soft waterbed mattress.
The conclusion that the researchers drew from this study of research on SIDS was that sleeping with an infant in an adult bed is dangerous and should never be done. This sounds like a reasonable conclusion, until you consider the epidemic of SIDS as a whole. During the 8-year period of this study, about 34,000 total cases of SIDS occurred in the U.S. (around 4250 per year). If 65 cases of non-SIDS accidental death occurred each year in a bed, and about 4250 cases of actual SIDS occurred overall each year, then the number of accidental deaths in an adult bed is only 1.5% of the total cases of SIDS.
There are two pieces of critical data that are missing that would allow us to determine the risk of SIDS or any cause of death in a bed versus a crib.
The data on the first question is available, but has anyone examined it? In fact, one independent researcher examined the CPSC’s data and came to the opposite conclusion than did the CPSC – this data supports the conclusion that sleeping with your baby is actually SAFER than not sleeping with your baby (see Mothering Magazine Sept/Oct 2002). As for the second question, many people may think that very few babies sleep with their parents, but we shouldn’t be too quick to assume this. The number of parents that bring their babies into their bed at 4 am is probably quite high. Some studies have shown that over half of parents bring their baby into bed with them at least part of the night. And the number that sleep with their infants the whole night is probably considerable as well. In fact, in most countries around the world sleeping with your baby is the norm, not the exception. And what is the incidence of SIDS in these countries? During the 1990s, in Japan the rate was only one tenth of the U.S. rate, and in Hong Kong, it was only 3% of the U.S. rate. These are just two examples. Some countries do have a higher rate of SIDS, depending on how SIDS is defined.
Until a legitimate survey is done to determine how many babies sleep with their parents, and this is factored into the rate of SIDS in a bed versus a crib, it is unwarranted to state that sleeping in a crib is safer than a bed.
If the incidence of SIDS is dramatically higher in crib versus a parent’s bed, and because the cases of accidental smothering and entrapment are only 1.5% of the total SIDS cases, then sleeping with a baby in your bed would be far safer than putting baby in a crib.
The answer is not to tell parents they shouldn’t sleep with their baby, but rather to educate them on how to sleep with their infants safely.
Now the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission and the Juvenile Products Manufacturer’s Association are launching a campaign based on research on SIDS from 1999, 2000, and 2001. During these three years, there have been 180 cases of non-SIDS accidental deaths occurring in an adult bed. Again, that’s around 60 per year, similar to statistics from 1990 to 1997. How many total cases of SIDS have occurred during these 3 years? Around 2600 per year. This decline from the previous decade is thought to be due to the “back to sleep” campaign – educating parents to place their babies on their back to sleep. So looking at the past three years, the number of non-SIDS accidental deaths is only 2% of the total cases of SIDS.
Who is behind this new national campaign to warn parents not to sleep with their babies? In addition to the USCPSC, the Juvenile Products Manufacturers Association (JPMA) is co-sponsoring this campaign. The JPMA? An association of crib manufacturers. This is a huge conflict of interest. Actually, this campaign is exactly in the interest of the JPMA.
The September/October 2002 issue of Mothering Magazine presents research done throughout the whole world on the issue of safe sleep. Numerous studies are presented by experts of excellent reputation. And what is the magazine’s conclusion based on all this research? That not only is sleeping with your baby safe, but it is actually much safer than having your baby sleep in a crib. Research shows that infants who sleep in a crib are twice as likely to suffer a sleep related fatality (including SIDS) than infants who sleep in bed with their parents.
I do support the USCPSC’s efforts to research sleep safety and to decrease the incidence of SIDS, but I feel they should go about it differently. Instead of launching a national campaign to discourage parents from sleeping with their infants, the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission should educate parents on how to sleep safely with their infants if they choose to do so.
Visit website to view video.
Here are some things to avoid:
Parents should use common sense when sharing sleep. Anything that could cause you to sleep more soundly than usual or that alters your sleep patterns can affect your baby’s safety. Nearly all the highly suspected (but seldom proven) cases of fatal “overlying” I could find in the literature could have been avoided if parents had observed common sense sleeping practices.
The bottom line is that many parents share sleep with their babies. It can be done safely if the proper precautions are observed. The question shouldn’t be “is it safe to sleep with my baby?”, but rather “how can I sleep with my baby safely.” The data on the incidence of SIDS in a bed versus a crib must be examined before the medical community can make a judgment on sleep safety in a bed.
]]>Natural Child Project Website. Download article.
by Jan Hunt, M. Sc.
Attachment parenting, to put it most simply, is believing what we know in our heart to be true. And if we do that, we find that we trust the child. We trust him in these ways:
¯ We trust that he is doing the very best he can at every given moment, given all of his experiences up to that time.
¯ We trust that though he may be small in size, he is as fully human as we are, and as deserving as we are to have his needs taken seriously.
¯ We trust that he has been born innocent, loving, and trusting. We do not need to "turn him around", to teach him that life is difficult, or train him to be a loving human being - he is that at birth and all we need to do is celebrate that, and support and sustain it.
¯ We don’t have to give him lessons about life - life brings its own lessons and its own frustrations.
¯ We recognize that in a very beautiful way, our child teaches us - if we listen
- what love is.
¯ We understand that if a child "misbehaves", instead of reacting to the behavior, we should always examine what has been taking place in his life: what stresses, frustrations or frightening, confusing, or difficult situations he has just experienced. We also need to examine whether we have brought about any of these experiences, intentionally or not. It is our job to be responsive parents, meeting the needs of our child; it is not the child’s job to meet our needs for a quiet and perfectly well-behaved child.
¯ We understand that It is unfair and unrealistic to expect a child to behave perfectly at all times; after all, no adult can do this either. Yet behind all punishment is the unstated expectation that a child can and should behave perfectly at all times; there is no leeway.
¯ We see that so-called "bad behavior" is in reality nothing more than the child’s attempt to communicate an important need in the best way he can, given the present circumstances and all of his prior experience. "Misbehavior" is a signal to us that important needs are not being met. - by us or by others in the child’s life. We should not ignore that behavior any more than we should ignore the sound of a smoke detector. We should instead see "bad behavior" as an opportunity - an opportunity to re-evaluate our own behavior, to learn about our child’s needs, and to meet those needs in the best way possible.
As Albert Einstein wrote, "Behind every difficulty lies an opportunity." This is true in general, but it is profoundly true in parenting. For example, if a child chases a ball into the road, that is an opportunity to teach him safety measures by practicing for similar situations in the future. The parent could ask the child to purposely throw the ball into the road, then come to the parent and report the situation. In this way, the real lesson can be learned: it is the parent who needs to spend more time teaching safety, not the child who should somehow have known this information, and obviously does not yet know.
Punishment is the most damaging response: it is unfair, upsetting, and confusing, and distracts the child from the learning that needs to take place. Instead we should give gentle, respectful instruction at the time the behavior occurs - this is exactly when the child can relate it to his life. In this way the best learning can take place.
Through attachment parenting, children learn to trust themselves, understand themselves, and eventually will be able to use their time as adults in a meaningful and creative way, rather than spending it in an attempt to deal with past childhood hurts, in a way that hurts themselves or others. If an adult has no need to deal with the past, he can live fully in the present.
As the Golden Rule suggests, attachment parenting is parenting the child the way we wish we had been treated in childhood, the way we wish we were treated by everyone now, and the way we want our grandchildren to be treated. With attachment parenting, we are giving an example of love and trust. Our children deserve to learn what compassion is, and they learn that most of all by our example. If our children do not learn compassion from us, when will they learn it? The bottom line is that all children behave as well as they are treated - by their parents and by everyone else in their life. Dr. Elliott Barker is a Canadian psychiatrist and the Director of the Canadian Society for the Prevention of Cruelty for Children. He describes attachment parenting as having these two facets:
¯ Being willing and able to put yourself in your child’s shoes in order to correctly identify his/her feelings.
¯ Being willing and able to behave toward your child in ways which take those feelings into account.
In short, attachment parenting is loving and trusting our children. If we can do that, they will be able to trust us and in turn, trust others and be trustworthy persons themselves. The educator John Holt once said that everything he wrote could be summed up in two words: "trust children". This is the most precious gift we can give as parents.
"Reprinted with the kind permission of the author. Originally published on the
Natural Child Project website at www.naturalchild.org."
]]>Powell, Alvin. Contributing Writer. Children Need Touching and Attention, Harvard Researchers Say. Harvard Gazette online. April 9, 1998. Link, Download
America’s “let them cry” attitude toward children may lead to more fears and tears among adults, according to two Harvard Medical School researchers.
Instead of letting infants cry, American parents should keep their babies close, console them when they cry, and bring them to bed with them, where they’ll feel safe, according to Michael L. Commons and Patrice M. Miller, researchers at the Medical School’s Department of Psychiatry.
The pair examined childrearing practices here and in other cultures and say the widespread American practice of putting babies in separate beds — even separate rooms — and not responding quickly to their cries may lead to incidents of post-traumatic stress and panic disorders when these children reach adulthood.
The early stress resulting from separation causes changes in infant brains that makes future adults more susceptible to stress in their lives, say Commons and Miller.
“Parents should recognize that having their babies cry unnecessarily harms the baby permanently,” Commons said. “It changes the nervous system so they’re overly sensitive to future trauma.”
The Harvard researchers’ work is unique because it takes a cross-disciplinary approach, examining brain function, emotional learning in infants, and cultural differences, according to Charles R. Figley, director of the Traumatology Institute at Florida State University and editor of The Journal of Traumatology.
“It is very unusual but extremely important to find this kind of interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary research report,” Figley said. “It accounts for cross-cultural differences in children’s emotional response and their ability to cope with stress, including traumatic stress.”
Figley said Commons and Miller’s work illuminates a route of further study and could have implications for everything from parents’ efforts to intellectually stimulate infants to practices such as circumcision.
Commons has been a lecturer and research associate at the Medical School’s Department of Psychiatry since 1987 and is a member of the Department’s Program in Psychiatry and the Law.
Miller has been a research associate at the School’s Program in Psychiatry and the Law since 1994 and an assistant professor of psychology at Salem State College since 1993. She received master’s and doctorate degrees in human development from the Graduate School of Education.
The pair say that American childrearing practices are influenced by fears that children will grow up dependent. But they say that parents are on the wrong track: physical contact and reassurance will make children more secure and better able to form adult relationships when they finally head out on their own.
“We’ve stressed independence so much that it’s having some very negative side effects,” Miller said.
The two gained the spotlight in February when they presented their ideas at the American Association for the Advancement of Science’s annual meeting in Philadelphia.
Commons and Miller, using data Miller had worked on that was compiled by Robert A. LeVine, Roy Edward Larsen Professor of Education and Human Development, contrasted American childrearing practices with those of other cultures, particularly the Gusii people of Kenya. Gusii mothers sleep with their babies and respond rapidly when the baby cries.
“Gusii mothers watching videotapes of U.S. mothers were upset by how long it took these mothers to respond to infant crying,” Commons and Miller said in their paper on the subject.
The way we are brought up colors our entire society, Commons and Miller say. Americans in general don’t like to be touched and pride themselves on independence to the point of isolation, even when undergoing a difficult or stressful time.
Despite the conventional wisdom that babies should learn to be alone, Miller said she believes many parents “cheat,” keeping the baby in the room with them, at least initially. In addition, once the child can crawl around, she believes many find their way into their parents’ room on their own.
American parents shouldn’t worry about this behavior or be afraid to baby their babies, Commons and Miller said. Parents should feel free to sleep with their infant children, to keep their toddlers nearby, perhaps on a mattress in the same room, and to comfort a baby when it cries.
“There are ways to grow up and be independent without putting babies through this trauma,” Commons said. “My advice is to keep the kids secure so they can grow up and take some risks.”
Besides fears of dependence, the pair said other factors have helped form our childrearing practices, including fears that children would interfere with sex if they shared their parents’ room and doctors’ concerns that a baby would be injured by a parent rolling on it if the parent and baby shared the bed. Additionally, the nation’s growing wealth has helped the trend toward separation by giving families the means to buy larger homes with separate rooms for children.
The result, Commons and Miller said, is a nation that doesn’t like caring for its own children, a violent nation marked by loose, nonphysical relationships.
“I think there’s a real resistance in this culture to caring for children,” Commons said. But “punishment and abandonment has never been a good way to get warm, caring, independent people.”
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A mothers touch can help baby grow. I use a car seat that converts to a baby carrier. My mother-in-law says I should be holding the baby more. Is she right?
Aren’t mother-in-laws always right? Seriously, yours may have a point. Being touched and held is very important to your baby’s development. In fact, studies have shown that babies who are not touched and held can fail to develop properly. There’s nothing wrong with using the carrier, as long as you are giving your baby plenty of physical contact at other times. (And keep in mind that the baby alone is probably a lot lighter than baby-plus-carrier, and therefore easier on your back!)
A study at Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons confirmed what many mothers and pediatricians already knew: Close physical contact with your baby has many lifelong benefits. Holding your baby promotes bonding behaviors on your part and provides your baby with a variety of stimuli that aid his development. Your touch actually helps your baby grow, and the motion of being carried is soothing to babies. Physical parent/infant contact lowers the levels of cortisol, the stress hormone in babies. When you hold her, you baby feels secure and is likely to cry less (which lowers your stress). While babies may look safe and secure all strapped in their seats or carriers, it is not the same to them as being held. Some studies have even shown babies who are frequently held close develop better verbal skills. Holding him close allows you baby to see your facial expressions and begin to learn to respond to you.
You may be using the carrier sometimes in order to keep your hands free. If so, consider a soft carrier that allows you to ’wear’ your baby. These carriers provide many of the benefits of holding your baby - she feels your warmth, is close to your face, and experiences your motions - but leave your hands free.
Or, if you continue to use the seat carrier, just be sure you are giving your baby plenty of holding and touching at other times. If you are not breastfeeding, you can still hold your baby when you give her a bottle. This is important time together - focus on your baby’s breathing, rather than trying to do other things while feeding her. Hold her and talk to her whenever possible and get on the floor with her while she is playing. Take advantage of the opportunity for a lot of physical contact now - it won’t be long before you will be running after her, begging for a quick hug.
Send questions to the Children’s Connection, P.O. Box 26798, Austin, TX 78731
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